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Radcliffe College was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and functioned as a female coordinate institution for the all-male Harvard College. It was also one of the Seven Sisters colleges, among which it shared with Bryn Mawr College the popular reputation of having a particularly intellectual and independent-minded student body.〔Horn, Miriam, quoting ''The Boston Globe'', in ''Rebels in White Gloves: Coming of Age with Hillary Clinton's Class—Wellesley '68'', p. 8, co. 2000, Anchor. See also McCarthy, Mary, ''How I Grew'', pp. 119–120, 1987, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. See Berman, Susan, ''The Underground Guide to the College of Your Choice'', pp. 234, 242, 246 and 404, 1971, Signet. See also ''Yale Daily News'', "The Insiders Guide to the Colleges," 1975–76, co. 1975, G.P. Putnam and Sons. Finally, see Kendall, Elaine, ''Peculiar Institutions: An Informal History of the Seven Sister Colleges'', p. 30, 1975, G.P. Putnam and Sons, NY〕 Radcliffe conferred Radcliffe College diplomas to undergraduates and graduate students for the first 70 or so years of its history and then joint Harvard-Radcliffe diplomas to undergraduates beginning in 1963. A formal "non-merger merger" agreement with Harvard was signed in 1977, with full integration with Harvard completed in 1999. Today, within Harvard University, Radcliffe's former administrative campus (Radcliffe Yard) is home to the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, and former Radcliffe housing at the Radcliffe Quadrangle (Pforzheimer House, Cabot House, and Currier House) has been incorporated into the Harvard College house system. Under the terms of the 1999 consolidation, the Radcliffe Yard and the Radcliffe Quadrangle retain the "Radcliffe" designation in perpetuity. == History == The "Harvard Annex," a private program for the instruction of women by Harvard faculty, was founded in 1879 after prolonged efforts by women to gain access to Harvard College. Arthur Gilman, Cambridge resident, banker, philanthropist and writer, was the founder of what became The Annex/Radcliffe.〔(Obituary of Arthur Gilman, founder of Radcliffe College, The New York Times, Dec. 29, 1909 )〕 At a time when higher education for women was a controversial – if not scandalous – undertaking, Gilman hoped to establish a higher educational opportunity for his daughter that exceeded what was generally available in female seminaries and the new women's colleges such as Vassar and Wellesley, most of which in their early years had substantial numbers of faculty who were not university trained. In conversations with the chair of Harvard's classics department, he outlined a plan to have Harvard faculty deliver instruction to a small group of Cambridge and Boston women. He then approached Harvard President Charles William Eliot with the idea and Eliot approved.〔Howells, Dorothy Elias, ''A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College'', 1879–1979, p. 1, 1978, Radcliffe College.〕 Gilman and Eliot recruited a group of prominent and well-connected Cambridge women to manage the plan. These women were Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, Mary H. Cooke, Stella Scott Gilman, Mary B. Greenough, Ellen Hooper Gurney, Alice Mary Longfellow and Lillian Horsford. Building upon Gilman's premise, the committee convinced 44 members of the Harvard faculty to consider giving lectures to female students in exchange for extra income paid by the committee. The program came to be known informally as "The Harvard Annex." The course of study for the first year included 51 courses in 13 subject areas, an "impressive curriculum with greater diversity than that of any other women's college at its inception. Courses were offered in Greek, Latin, English, German, French, Italian, and Spanish; philosophy, political economy, history, music, mathematics, physics, and natural history."〔Howells, Dorothy Elia, ''A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College'', 1879–1979, p. 6, 1978, Radcliffe College.〕 The first graduation ceremonies took place in the library of Longfellow House on Brattle Street, just above where George Washington's generals had slept a century earlier.〔http://home.nps.gov/long/learn/historyculture/alice-longfellow.htm〕 The committee members hoped that by raising an enticing endowment for The Annex they would be able to convince Harvard to admit women directly into Harvard College. However, the university resisted.〔Sally Schwager, "Taking up the Challenge: The Origins of Radcliffe," in ''Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History'', ed. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), ISBN 978-1-4039-6098-6. pp. 92–103〕 In his inaugural address as president of Harvard in 1869, Charles Eliot summed up the official Harvard position toward female students when he said, "The world knows next to nothing about the capacities of the female sex. Only after generations of civil freedom and social equality will it be possible to obtain the data necessary for an adequate discussion of woman's natural tendencies, tastes, and capabilities...It is not the business of the University to decide this mooted point."〔Howells, Dorothy Elia, ''A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College, 1879–1979'', p.viii, 1978, Radcliffe College.〕 In a similar vein, when confronted with the notion of females receiving Harvard degrees in 1883, the University's treasurer stated, "I have no prejudice in the matter of education of women and am quite willing to see Yale or Columbia take any risks they like, but I feel bound to protect Harvard College from what seems to me a risky experiment."〔Baker, Liva, ''I'm Radcliffe. Fly Me!. The Seven Sisters and the Failure of Women's Education'', p. 46 , 1976, MacMillan Publishing Company, New York.〕 Some of President Eliot's objections stemmed from 19th century notions of propriety. He was strongly against co-education, commenting that "The difficulties involved in a common residence of hundreds of young men and women of immature character and marriageable age are very grave. The necessary police regulations are exceedingly burdensome."〔Charles Eliot, as quoted by Liva Baker in ''I'm Radcliffe! Fly Me! The Seven Sisters and the Failure of Women's Education'', p. 21, 1976, MacMillan Publishing Company, New York.〕 The committee persevered despite Eliot's skepticism. Indeed, the project proved to be a success, attracting a growing number of students. As a result, the Annex was incorporated in 1882 as the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women, with Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, widow of Harvard professor Louis Agassiz, as president.〔(Radcliffe College )〕 This Society awarded certificates to students but did not have the power to confer academic degrees. In subsequent years, on-going discussions with Harvard about admitting women directly into the university still came to a dead end, and instead Harvard and the Annex negotiated the creation of a degree-granting institution, with Harvard professors serving as its faculty and visiting body. This modification of the Annex was chartered by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts as Radcliffe College in 1894. The Boston Globe reported "President of Harvard To Sign Parchments of the Fair Graduates").〔"Christened 'Radcliffe;' Annex Girls May Receive A College Degree. Overseers Vote to Carry Out Plans of the Friends of Fay House. President of Harvard To Sign Parchments of the Fair Graduates." ''The Boston Daily Globe,'' Dec. 7, 1893, p. 6〕 The College was named for Lady Ann Mowlson, born Radcliffe, who established the first scholarship at Harvard in 1643. Students seeking admission to the new women's college were required to sit for the same entrance examinations required of Harvard students. By 1896, the Globe could headline a story: "Sweet Girls. They Graduate in Shoals at Radcliffe. Commencement Exercises at Sanders Theatre. Galleries Filled with Fair Friends and Students. Handsome Mrs. Agassiz Made Fine Address. Pres Eliot Commends the Work of the New Institution." The Globe said "Eliot stated that the percentage of graduates with distinction is much higher at Radcliffe than at Harvard" and that although "()t is to yet to be seen whether the women have the originality and pioneering spirit which will fit them to be leaders, perhaps they will when they have had as many generations of thorough education as men."〔"Sweet Girls. They Graduate in Shoals at Radcliffe. Commencement Exercises at Sanders Theatre. Galleries Filled with Fair Friends and Students. Handsome Mrs. Agassiz Made Fine address. Pres Eliot Commends the Work of the New Institution." ''The Boston Daily Globe,'' June 24, 1896, p. 4〕 In 1904, a popular historian wrote of the College's genesis: "... it set up housekeeping in two unpretending rooms in the Appian Way, Cambridge. ... Probably in all the history of colleges in America there could not be found a story so full of colour and interest as that of the beginning of this woman's college. The bathroom of the little house was pressed into service as a laboratory for physics, students and instructors alike making the best of all inconveniences. Because the institution was housed with a private family, generous mothering was given to the girls when they needed it."〔, (p. 99-100 )〕 Moving on from the little house, in the first two decades of the 20th century Radcliffe championed the beginnings of its own campus consisting of the Radcliffe Yard and the Radcliffe Quadrangle in Cambridge, Massachusetts, not far from that of Harvard. The original Radcliffe gymnasium and library, and the Bertram, Whitman, Eliot, and Barnard dormitories were constructed during this period. With the 1920s and 1930s came dormitories Briggs Hall (1924) and Cabot Hall (1937) on the Quadrangle, and in the Radcliffe Yard the administrative building Byerly Hall (1932) and the classroom building Longfellow Hall (1930). Radcliffe's optimistic construction activities during this period belied a somewhat tense relationship with Harvard. Despite – or perhaps more accurately, because of – Radcliffe's success in its early years there were still Harvard faculty who resented the women's institution. English professor Barrett Wendell warned his colleagues about continued cooperation with Radcliffe, stating that Harvard could "suddenly find itself committed to coeducation somewhat as unwary men lay themselves open to actions for breach of promise."〔Barrett Wendell, as quoted by Elaine Kendall in ''Peculiar Institutions: An Informal History of the Seven Sister Colleges'', pp. 153–154, 1975, G.P. Putnam and Sons, NY〕 In Wendell's view, Harvard needed to remain "purely virile."〔Barrett Wendell, as quoted by Elaine Kendall in ''Peculiar Institutions: An Informal History of the Seven Sister Colleges'', p. 154, 1975, G.P. Putnam and Sons, NY〕 As late as the 1930s Harvard president A. Lawrence Lowell still took a dim view of Radcliffe, maintaining that the time Harvard professors spent providing lectures to women distracted the faculty from their scholarship, and providing Radcliffe women access to research facilities and Harvard museums was – in his view – an unnecessary burden on the university's resources. He threatened to scuttle the relationship between the two institutions. Radcliffe was forced to agree to a limitation on the size of its student body, with 750 spaces for undergraduates and 250 for graduate students.〔Howells, Dorothy Elia, ''A Century to Celebrate Radcliffe College, 1879–1979'', p. 22, 1978, Radcliffe College.〕 A ceiling on enrollment of women when compared to the enrollment of men—renegotiated upward at various points throughout the relationship with Harvard—remained a constant in Radcliffe's existence until the 1977 "non-merger merger." In 1923 Ada Comstock, a leader in the movement to provide women with higher education who hailed from the University of Minnesota and Smith College, became the college's third president, and a key figure in the College's early 20th century development. Speaking of her, one alumna remembers that "we were in awe of 'Miss Comstock... and knew even then that we had been touched by a vanishing breed of female educator. Ada Comstock had an extraordinary presence—she radiated dignity, strength, and decisiveness."〔Solomon, Barbara Miller, "Happy in Our Own Environment," from "College in a Yard II, edited by David Aloian, p. 122, 1985, President and Fellows of Harvard College.〕 In the early 1940s she negotiated a new relationship with Harvard that vastly expanded women's access to the full Harvard course catalog. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Radcliffe College」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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